If gene therapies in the diabetes space gain approval, reimbursement challenges will reach a critical juncture

Gene therapy’s biggest prize thus far in terms of market potential may be in the diabetes space, specifically diabetic complications, which are varied and afflict millions of diabetics. Several gene therapies targeting diabetic complications are in late-stage clinical development, including Engensis and RGX-314. These two gene therapies are projected to possibly receive U.S. marketing authorization in the second and fourth quarters of 2024, respectively.

As a treatment indicated for diabetic peripheral neuropathy, Engensis has a possible eligible population in the U.S. of 5.5 to 11.5 million adult patients. Meanwhile, as a treatment targeting diabetic retinopathy, RGX-314 has a potential eligible population of approximately 4.2 million adult patients.

If approved, these gene therapies could address deficiencies in care for these patients. Of course, not all eligible patients will be prescribed these treatments. Nevertheless, given the unmet need in this space, it’s projected that millions of patients would at least consider such therapies.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy affects the feet and legs of patients first, followed by the hands and arms. Signs and symptoms include numbness or reduced ability to feel pain or temperature changes. Besides managing blood sugar to treat diabetic neuropathy, there’s a plethora of symptomatic relief medications which include nerve pain medications, anti-depressants, and anti-seizure medicines.

As an investigational non-viral gene therapy – to be taken at intervals, so not a one-time treatment - Engensis has the potential to become the first analgesic drug to significantly ameliorate and possibly reverse the progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. It holds great promise, but for payers the cost burden may be very difficult to manage.

Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of visual impairment. It is characterized by vascular lesions and neuronal damage of the retina. Treatment options for this condition are currently limited. Gene therapy has the potential to provide an alternative treatment for diabetic retinopathy with distinct advantages, such as longer therapeutic effect, less injection frequency, ability to intervene at disease onset, and potentially fewer side effects. RGX-314 is one such therapy – an investigational recombinant adeno-associated virus vector – being developed as a potential one-time treatment for diabetic retinopathy and wet age-related macular degeneration. Similar to Engensis, the up-front costs for payers seeking access to RGX-314 may be very burdensome. Invariably the question is how, once these gene therapies gain regulatory approval, the healthcare system will be able to pay for these high-priced therapies that target such potentially large populations. Value-based pricing agreements, in which refunds would be offered in instances of treatments not attaining certain pre-determined outcomes, have proven to be highly effective.

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The Lyfegen Platform enables more efficient and transparent management of value-based drug pricing contracts for all kinds of cell and gene therapies – including those targeting large populations – by using intelligent data-driven algorithms to capture and analyze patient-level drug cost data. The Lyfegen Model & Agreements Library can help stakeholders explore real-world models and identify which model are best-suited for the specific use-case and desired negotiation outcomes.

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Learn more on: lyfegen.com

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Study: Out-of-pocket drug costs increasing 5.8% per year

A new study investigated how drug rebates affect out-of-pocket costs for health plan beneficiaries. Rebates lower costs for payers, but depending on the health plan, they can raise costs for the patient.

There is a lot of secrecy surrounding the final price paid for a drug at the pharmacy, as official data on drug prices does not factor in rebates or the end price for the patient. The rebates paid by manufacturers to pharmacy benefit managers is not publicly available. The study therefore sought out to understand the relationship between rebates and the prices paid by insurers and beneficiaries.

Results: The negotiated price, defined as the price paid by the beneficiary at the pharmacy and by the payer after rebates are taken into account, rose 4.3% from 2007 to 2020. However, the out-of-pocket price, or that paid by the patient at the pharmacy, rose 5.8% annually. Retail pharmacy prices increased 9.1% annually.

Implications: Low-income families may be especially impacted by plans with higher deductibles and lower premiums, as they are not prepared for surprise costs associated with cost-sharing. As the authors stated: “consumers with a low deductible or capped copays appear to be shielded from steep pharmacy price increases.” The main contributor to increases in out-of-pocket expenses were increasing deductibles and co-insurance payments.

The authors emphasize that drug price transparency is important for health policy recommendations and more work needs to be done to understand drug price inflation.

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Ongoing debate around GLP-1 drug coverage

Payers are seeing increased costs due to the demand of GLP-1 drugs. It’s estimated that 57.4 million adults under the age of 65 could be eligible for this class of drugs, based on currently approved FDA indications. There are 36.2 million people with an obesity diagnosis alone in the US.

If 10% of eligible adults take GLP-1 medications for weight loss, a $15 increase could be seen in the per-member-per month costs. This number rises to $50 if one-third of eligible adults start taking these drugs. Zepbound, manufactured by Eli Lilly, has a list price of $1059 per month, whereas Novo Nordisk’s Wegovy costs $1349 for a one month supply. However, last month, Eli Lilly announced a major price cut for their weight loss drug. Now, a 4-week supply of their drug at 2.5 mg will cost $399, whereas 5 mg vials will cost $549.

The measure is aimed at improving patient access, while reducing the risk of counterfeit medications. This price reduction was made without changes to insurance policies, and the drugs are available through LillyDirect, the company’s online pharmacy.

Not all insurers want to cover weight loss drugs like Zepbound, Wegovy, Mounjaro, and Ozempic, and innovative strategies are being explored to manage costs while keeping them available. One strategy is a utilization cap, which sets stricter standards for who is eligible. Another strategy is mentioned in Evernorth’s EncircleRX plan, which provides a 15% cost cap or a 3:1 savings guarantee when the medication is covered for weight loss.

The value of these drugs is still being investigated. If these medications can provide additional health benefits, there could be additional savings for payers down the road. Of note, studies have found reductions in cardiovascular death and sleep apnea when the drugs were used for weight loss.

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